extraordinary humans muscles transcript

Proportions of metabolite concentration changes on the four evolutionary lineages. The Table shows: (1) all pathways; (2) pathways that contain at least one enzyme showing species-specific expression pattern that matches the concentration profile of the pathway metabolites; (3) pathways in which metabolites and enzymes with matching species-specific concentration and expression profiles are directly linked in KEGG annotation; (4) pathways showing significant overrepresentation of enzymes with matching species-specific expression profiles either directly or indirectly linked with pathway metabolites. Each circle represents an individual sample colored according to species. The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: PK PG JC OH. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.g003. Video Questions: Extraordinary Humans: Muscles. June 2, 2022 0 comments. No, Is the Subject Area "Metabolic pathways" applicable to this article? Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Affiliation (b) Proportions of peaks specific to a given tissue based on the cluster analysis. By contrast, in the brain, PFC, and skeletal muscle, human-specific metabolic divergence exceeded chimpanzee-specific divergence by 4.0-, 4.2-, and 8.4-fold respectively. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Extraordinary Humans: Muscles & Skin at Amazon.com. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HMDB, He is able to draw entire cities from memory after seeing them only once. Human samples were obtained from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders at the University of Maryland, the Netherlands Brain Bank, China's Wuhan Xiehe Hospital, and the Chinese Brain Bank Center. No, Is the Subject Area "Chimpanzees" applicable to this article? Here, we assessed concentrations of more than 10,000 metabolites in three brain regions and two non-neural tissues (skeletal muscle and kidney) of humans, chimpanzees, macaque monkeys, and mice using mass spectrometry-based approaches. 31-year old Jason Dunn. To test the reliability of metabolite measurements further, a subset of samples from four individuals per species per tissue was measured using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) as an alternative procedure. So showcasing arts and culture and the talent. Peak smoothing (nine data points) and alignment were performed within msPeak for each mass trace separately using peak spread and peak gap to neighboring peaks. waxcenter zenoti login; heide licorice buttons; Among them, 13 clusters were sufficiently large, i.e., cumulatively contained more than 90% of all clustered peaks, and were used in further analysis. The error bars show 0.05 and 0.95 quintiles of the significant peak number distributions calculated by randomly sampling six human or six chimpanzee individuals 1,000 times. positive mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; NICHD, retention time; tRNA, We thank the personnel of the Suzhou Animal Research Center and particularly Changgen Lian, Su Jin, and Bijia Jiang for help with macaque strength experiments; the personnel of the Shanghai Weiyu junior middle school and particularly Dongping Wang for help with human teenager strength experiments; Guo Song for help in climber recruitment; Jing Jin, He Zhisong, Hindrike Bammann, Hu Haiyang, Li Qian, Yunxian Huang, and Yoann Portugal for technical help in the muscle strength experiments; Mikhail Gelfand, Michael Lachmann, and Mehmet Somel for helpful discussions; and Jerome Boyd-Kirkup for help in manuscript preparation. The Watson has come a long way since the win in Jeopardy in 2011. Required fields not completed correctly. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s021. Embed this data in a secure (HTTPS) page: Creative Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD + Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is modulated by conditions of metabolic stress and has been reported to decline with aging in preclinical models, but human data are sparse. In order to identify metabolite peaks with concentration levels altered by postmortem delay, we quantified the differences in peak concentration levels in each tissue between the macaque samples from individuals living in control conditions collected with 4- and 6-hour postmortem delay (n=2) and macaque samples from individuals living in control conditions collected with less than 15 min postmortem delay (n=17). Step 1: Create your TED-Ed account. YEAR: 2010 | LENGTH: 4 parts (46 minutes each) | SOURCE:NATGEO. Asterisks colored according to the tissues show the proportions of metabolite peaks with significant concentration divergence on the human lineage relative to the chimpanzee linage. Neck extension is the opposite of flexion and is accomplished by many of the same muscles that are used for other neck movements, including the splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles. PK was supported by the Foreign Expert 1000 Talents Plan program; KB was supported by a Chinese Academy of Sciences fellowship (2011Y1SB06). Proportions of gene expression change on the primate evolutionary lineages based on 17,913 transcripts present in all three species. NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. The overlap with human-specific metabolite concentration changes was determined as an overlap of environment-induced changes in a given tissue, and metabolite concentration differences showing the same direction (elevated or decreased) in this tissue in the human samples as compared with the control macaques. Numbers of peaks showing significant concentration differences between control macaques and humans or chimpanzees were estimated using randomly chosen six human or six chimpanzee individuals, the same numbers as for C1 and C2 macaque monkeys. Our data suggests that N2A isoform is 20 times more expressed than Novex3. Among them, 1,535 could be annotated using metabolite standards or computationally matching the metabolite features to metabolite database entries. In analyses of species-specific metabolic changes unique to the five individual tissues used in this study, we excluded metabolite peaks with concentration levels specific to a given species and showing the same direction (increase or decrease) of change in multiple tissues within three tissue groups: (i) PFC and V1; (ii) cortex and CBC; (ii) brain, kidney, and muscle. In order to verify that the RNAseq read depth was sufficient to detect most expressed transcripts, one specific tissue (mouse FDB) was randomly down-sampled as previously described (Li et al., 2015) to generate six different sequencing depths (200, 100, 50, 10, 5, and 1 million reads).These reads were aligned to the mouse genome and transcriptome using RUM (Grant et al., 2011), and uniquely . No, Is the Subject Area "Enzyme metabolism" applicable to this article? Episode 3 Muscles Fri, Jun 11, 2010 60 mins Profiling a 31-year-old with dystonia, a rare movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of muscles. The lineages are abbreviated as: the human evolutionary lineage (human), the chimpanzee evolutionary lineage (chimp. RNA-seq data summary. How can the various forms of dystonia occur? The direction of the action can be ipsilateral, which refers to movement in the direction of the contracting muscle, or contralateral, which refers to movement away from the side of the contracting muscle. The Night That Lasted A Lifetime. Metabolites, small molecules with molecular weight typically less than 1,500 Daltons, encompass a broad range of compounds that includes building blocks of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipid membranes, energy and chemical group carriers, and neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules. Using leading-edge animation, travel below the surface and into the extraordinary bodies of Hunter and Garrett to discover what makes and breaks this intricate and delicate tissue we call skin. Just the variety of it and the range of it. Donec gravida mi a condimentum rutrum. The filtering resulted in 3,201 peaks in this dataset, representing 9% of the initial peak set. We designed an experimental setup for testing muscular strength of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques that would be applicable to all three species to a similar extent. And with that, allow me to . Affiliations Extraordinary Humans: Muscles Dystonia 1. Comparison of gene expression among three primate species was based on the genome mapping reported by the liftOver tool. human muscle system, the muscles of the human body that work the skeletal system, that are under voluntary control, and that are concerned with movement, posture, and balance. Of the 115 KEGG pathways containing an excess of species-specific metabolic changes, 100 contained at least one enzyme showing a consistent species-specific expression pattern in the RNA-seq data. The proportion of enzymes with the corresponding expression profile linked to the tested metabolite grouppathway (i) or cluster (ii)was compared with the proportion obtained in the sampling test. CNN's Clarissa Ward reports from Kharkiv. It contains three example takes of the pulling individuals and three example takes of the scale measuring the strength of a pull. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871. Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Asterisks indicate the significance of muscle strength difference between humans and the other two species (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001). The filtered liquid was concentrated to complete dryness in a speed vacuum for 3 hours at 35C. Furthermore, it was also previously suggested that rescaling of energetically expensive organs, such as the gut, allowed the development of a larger brain in human evolution [4]. As all human and most chimpanzee samples were not collected immediately after death, we removed from further analysis 636 peaks with concentrations affected by postmortem delay (Table S3). Examination of metabolite concentration variation by means of principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear separation of samples of all four species according to the three major organsbrain, kidney, and musclein each dataset (Figure 1b, Figure S3). Subsequently, 500 l of the upper, organic phase, plus 650 l of the polar phase (150 l for GC-MS and 500 l for LC-MS) were collected to three 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Based on the gene expression measurements of the 120 tissue samples we searched for genes showing expression profiles specific to a particular tissue and specific to a particular species in a given tissue. The colored bars represent observed distribution of Pearson correlation coefficients between datasets in each tissue; the gray bars represent distributions obtained by 100 random permutations of metabolite labels. The total numbers of peaks and numbers of annotated peaks are indicated above the bars. For all teenagers participating in this study, we obtained written consent from their parents in addition to the subjects' assent. This amazing video follows the lives of two extraordinary humans who suffer from rare muscular diseases and it describes the anatomy and physiology of the muscular system and what happens when this system doesn't work like it should. KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in PFC. 49. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s025. These individuals were housed in spacious group cages hosting family groups of about 20 individuals and providing open and walled living spaces of about 120 m3 in total. The control samples listed in this Table represent macaques kept in the same conditions as all other macaques used in main experiment, and are age-matched with condition 1 and condition 2 individuals. Silhouette value was used to choose the best clustering. For descriptions of disorders that affect the human muscle system, see muscle disease. Thus, differences in fiber-type composition between humans and nonhuman primates are not likely to explain the extensive metabolic divergence, as well as difference in strength, observed in our study. Next, we tested the overrepresentation of enzymes with expression profiles matching concentration profiles of metabolites among: (i) enzymes annotated in pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in a tissue, as well as pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites from tissue-specific metabolite clusters; (ii) enzymes directly linked to metabolites based on KEGG annotation in the tissue-specific clusters or the species-specific metabolites. Here, we bring together information on the alterations in the rates of synthesis and degradation of human muscle protein by different types of exercise and the influences of . ANOVA and t-test significance levels were corrected for multiple testing and the FDR levels at different nominal test significance levels were estimates by sample label permutations. The semispinalis dorsi and semispinalis capitis muscles also extend the back. The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, as well as the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray). The silhouette value reflects the quality of clustering favoring well-separated compact clusters. In the LC-MS datasets, in addition to the individual tissue samples, we measured mixtures of tissue samples (pooled samples). The second person is Ami Ankileweitz. how to play hungry pumpkin game; oswald mosley family tree; swosu football roster 2021; list of rotary district governors (c) PCA plots for each of the five tissues: muscle, kidney, PFC, CBC and V1. Ligated products were then PCR-amplified (15 cycles). Their homes are extraordinary. Clusters cumulatively containing less than 10% of all assayed peaks were removed from further analyses and are colored in gray. Bones 02. The Table lists: pathways names and IDs, pathway p-Values, numbers of pathway metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression profiles, numbers of pairs of directly linked enzymes and metabolites with human-specific expression and concentration level profiles, as well as p-Values indicating probabilities to find equal or greater numbers of enzymes or linked enzymes in metabolites sets randomly sampled 100 times. Metabolites directly linked to the enzymes with a human-specific expression profile in these tissues are indicated by darker shades of red and blue. Peaks in the smallest clusters, the total size of which were <10% of all peaks within a metabolite class, were excluded from further cluster analysis. and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and macaques with mice (mouse). One hundred and fifty years later, scientists decode nature's greatest mysteriesa two-hour special. The quite interesting textual alternative. Colors of the bars correspond to the colors of clusters in panel a. Our data set, MuscleDB, reveals extensive transcriptional diversity, with greater than 50% of transcripts differentially expressed among skeletal muscle tissues. Among genes detected in the transcriptome data, we extracted those reported by the KEGG database as enzymes linked, based on reaction information, to the metabolites measured in our metabolite datasets. Watch Human Body Collection - Extraordinary Humans: Muscles (s1 e7) Online - Watch online anytime: Buy, Rent. Posts about Extraordinary Humans: Muscles written by kterrl. Numbers of metabolite peaks differentiating the control macaque monkeys from humans (human), chimpanzees (chimp. [23]. Proportions of metabolite variation explained by different factors. You can try it yourself. Extraordinary Humans: Muscles Back. For comparison, overlap with metabolites showing chimpanzee-specific concentration profiles is also shown. Activities Arena. transfer RNA; V1, Omissions? All RNA-seq data were uploaded to the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) under accession number GSE49379. 31-year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disease that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s018. 4.5M views 11 years ago NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. We'll ask you for a little of your information and then you will have a username and password to manage all your activity and lessons. Most primary transcripts in eukaryotic cells derive from complete removal of all introns and complete joining of all exons. The posterior scalene muscles, located on the lower sides of the neck, ipsilaterally bend the neck to the side and elevate the second rib. Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman AFB, Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States of America, Affiliation The modules (metabolite groups) are shown in Figure S12. Previous studies, although limited to 21 and 118 metabolites measured in brains of humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys, revealed extensive metabolite concentration differences among species affecting approximately 50% of the assessed compounds [7],[8]. Endorphins are produced in the brain as a natural pain killer. a) fecal impaction b) suicide c) depression d) hip fractures ACE. Profiling a 31-year-old with dystonia, a rare movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of muscles. The plot is organized as in Figure S10, the metabolite groups are listed in Table S15. In the comparison of mouse to other species, we restricted the set of genes' exons to those that could be mapped among all four species. Tissues showing significant overrepresentation of enzymes with matching species-specific expression profiles are indicated with asterisks: **, p<0.01 and *, p<0.05. Yeah, people have them, but not everyone is able to pop em out like this guy. Listen to the MP3 Audio here: Change your mindset, change the game by Dr. Alia Crum at TEDxTraverseCity Dr. Alia Crum - Assistant Professor of Psychology; Stanford University So today, I'm going to Dr. Alia Crum: Change Your Mindset . Extraordinary Human: Muscles Dystonia 1. Based on additional behavioral tests, we further show that metabolic changes in human muscle seem to be paralleled by a drastic reduction in muscle strength. Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31171232, 31250110071, Y23DC41301) and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant number 2012DFG31940), National Science Foundation (grant BCS-0824531) and James S. McDonnell Foundation (grants 22002078 and 220020293). In this test humans showed substantially inferior performance compared with chimpanzees and macaques, with an average strength difference of almost 2-fold (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001, Figure 4c, Table S20). How will this affect the patient's iron status? The colors represent 13 metabolite clusters colored according to the tissue-specificity of the cluster concentration profiles: shades of red indicating brain-specific clusters, shades of blue: muscle-specific, and shades of green: kidney-specific clusters. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.g002. extraordinary humans muscles transcriptvroid eyelash texture Many of these people do activities previously thought impossible for people in their condition. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.g001. Following the pathway enrichment analysis, in each species-specific metabolite group, metabolites belonging to two or more KEGG pathways and sharing more than two-thirds of the overrepresented pathways were incrementally grouped into functional units until no two metabolites sharing sufficient numbers of pathways could be grouped together. The task consisted of pulling suspended adjustable weights in a setup involving both upper and lower parts of the body and conducted in a procedure allowing us to estimate the maximum pulling strength of an individual. Could the stark excess of human-specific metabolic changes found in some of the examined tissues be caused by environmental factors, such as diet, stress, or physical activity? 3. List of samples used to assess effects of postmortem delay, diet, and physical activity on metabolite concentrations. human muscle system, the muscles of the human body that work the skeletal system, that are under voluntary control, and that are concerned with movement, posture, and balance. Similar dietary changes introduced over a shorter time interval in mice were previously shown to reproduce some of the gene expression differences observed between human and chimpanzee livers [10]. It has been six years since, and we still havent addressed the main issue of Each aliquot was concentrated to complete dryness in a speed vacuum centrifuge at room temperature. Shop on Walmart. One of them is Jason Dunn, a 35 year old guy that lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder causing his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. as a result of wrong impulse firing erratically to the muscles. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and the physiology of muscle contraction are treated at great length in the article muscle. Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. signs of insecure coworkers grafana dashboard json environment variables. Transcriptional profiling reveals extraordinary diversity among skeletal muscle tissues Erin E Terry,1Xiping Zhang,2Christy Hoffmann,1Laura D Hughes,3Scott A Lewis,1Jiajia Li,1Matthew J Wallace,1Lance A Riley,2Collin M Douglas,2Miguel A Gutierrez-Monreal,2Nicholas F Lahens,4Ming C Gong,5Francisco Andrade,5Karyn A Esser,2and Michael E Hughes1 He is Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Skeletal Muscle Health. To assess this hypothesis, we measured fiber-type composition in nine adult chimpanzee individuals (Table S21). The shape of the symbols represents the individual's sex: circles: females, diamonds: males. Only 3 left in stock - order soon. As humans age, their muscles become weaker, making it increasingly harder for them to move, a condition known as sarcopenia. What Darwin Never Knew. It serves as a solvent without which the chemistry of life . The second is that it's put us in a place where we have no idea what's going to happen, in terms of the future. In the analysis of clusters and cluster pathways, the metabolites were sampled from all metabolites belonging to clusters with concentration profiles specific to a tissue different from the tissue of the tested cluster. Muscle strength measurements in humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. We hypothesize that rapid metabolic evolution in brain and skeletal muscle is associated with unique cognitive and physical abilities of humans. The modules (metabolite groups) are listed in the order depicted in Figure S10. KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in kidney. The quadratus lumborum muscle in the lower back side bends the lumbar spine and aids in the inspiration of air through its stabilizing affects at its insertion at the 12th rib (the last of the floating ribs). The substance enters the brain rapidly, and then changes back into morphine. To separate the organic from the aqueous phase, 500 l of an H2Omethanol mix (31 [v/v) was added to the supernatant, vortexed, and centrifuged (5 min; 14,000 g). Our data suggests that N2A isoform is 20 times more expressed than Novex3. National Geographic explores the science of skin by taking us inside the bodies of two extraordinary humans living with puzzling genetic conditions. Plasticity refers to the brain's malleability or ability to change . On the organism level, more controlled experiments could inspect recruitment of particular muscles in motion and quantify their performance based on their volume and level of activation. List of peaks illustrated in Figure 3c. Ami Ankileweitz has Spinal Muscle Atrophy, a genetic disorder that has caused his muscles to wither away', 'Skin: National Geographic explores the science of skin by taking us inside the bodies of two extraordinary humans living with puzzling genetic conditions. As a result, his muscles flex out of his control, and his body twists into unusual positions. First, we demonstrate that while metabolic divergence among mammalian species tends to reflect genetic distances among species, stark exceptions to this rule exist. Colors show higher (red) and lower (blue) concentration levels in humans compared with the other two primate species. By contrast, the extent of metabolic divergence on the human evolutionary lineage differed substantially among tissues (Figure 3a,b; Figure S7). The greater strength of chimpanzees, relative to humans, may have been explained by American scientists. Among the 47 pathways that contained an excess of human-specific metabolic changes supported by enzyme expression, 20 were found in the PFC and 9 in skeletal muscle (Tables S12, S13). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s009. And the action of the muscles and the folds around that, when air goes through the larynx, we make things like the voice, like the words that I'm saying now.

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