We do not offer financial advice, advisory or brokerage services, nor do we recommend or advise individuals or to buy or sell particular stocks or securities. Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding. 1995 - 2023 | Monthly | USD mn | CEIC Data. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. We'd love to hear from you, please enter your comments. The current ratio of 163% is approximately 26% (or about 0.8 standard deviations) above the historical . The $1.8 trillion American Rescue Plan of 2021 is set to supercharge the U.S. recovery as COVID-19 restrictions are lifted. Payable monthly by credit card. Data are end of year values. BA. The average trading volume is in excess of $1.5 trillion per month. In 2017, the figures are totally different, as the North Americans dominate the market with 53% of the market capitalization, with just 8.4% for Japan and 6.2% for the United Kingdom. If you decline, your information wont be tracked when you visit this website. The NYSE is headquartered at 11 Wall Street in Manhattan, and its building was recognized as a national landmark in 1978. Throughout 2021, the Fed kept interest rates near zero and continued pumping billions of dollars into markets each monthmeasures that encouraged investors to seek out higher-returning assets, like stocks, and contributed to higher inflation. Please do not hesitate to contact me. Elsewhere, Nasdaq-U.S., the second-largest exchange globally, has a market cap of $19.51 trillion. Well take a brief look at the origins of forex and its function today. The data reached an all-time high of 4,211.587 USD bn in Oct 2007 and a record low of 1,402.869 USD bn in Sep 2002. See also: Thematic map, Time series comparison, More rankings:
In its most basic sensethat of people converting one currency to another for financial advantageforex has been around since nations began minting currencies. This means that the outflow and inflow of income is balanced. 1. We've got Meb Faber back on the show to nominally talk about trend following - but as often happens with Meb - we get into a bunch from global equity . Development Relevance: Stock market size can be measured in various ways, and each may produce a different ranking of countries. The over-the-counter bond market is up on average 5.7% in the last seven . At the same time, free trade agreements with 20 other countries provide enhanced access to hundreds of millions of additional consumers and the United States continues to work with companies to increase opportunities for U.S. exporters. But investors are keenly aware that the Feds support will inevitably end. These cookies are used to collect information about how you interact with our website and allow us to remember you. The GNI has largely replaced the use of GNP since the World Bank begin calculating and publishing GNI figures instead of GNP numbers. Data are end of year values. Watch the full video series to explore how, together, we can take concrete steps to ensure the pre-eminence of U.S. capital markets. TradingHours.com tracks trading hours and markets holidays for 957 markets and trading venues. Central America & the Caribbean
NYSE offers trading in various financial instruments like exchange-traded funds , Equities, Bonds, and several other options. The world's total market capitalization was estimated at 91,931,860 million US dollars in 2020. The . By that time, the Fed had slashed interest rates, which helped revive the economy and also contributed to the start of a real estate bubble. Market capitalization of listed companies in current prices (US dollars). In early December, just five stocksMicrosoft (MSFT), Google (GOOG), Apple (AAPL), Nvidia (NVDA) and Tesla (TSLA)accounted for 51% of the S&P 500s return since April, according to Goldman Sachs research. Many wealth management companies are investing in big data analytics capabilities to generate insights around clients. If these periods are excluded, the correlations are slightly weaker but still more than significant. Full and unlimited access to CEIC data for multiple users. ", Credit Suisse, Distribution of countries with largest stock markets worldwide as of January 2022, by share of total world equity market value Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/710680/global-stock-markets-by-country/ (last visited March 04, 2023), Distribution of countries with largest stock markets worldwide as of January 2022, by share of total world equity market value [Graph], Credit Suisse, February 23, 2022. The average "trend line" value of the ratio is shown below. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. When it reopened on December 12, it suffered the largest one-day percentage drop, when the Dow Jones index lost 24.4%. The story of the stock market in 2021 wouldnt be complete without mention of the Federal Reserve. Limitations and Exceptions: Data cover measures of size (market capitalization, number of listed domestic companies) and liquidity (value of shares traded as a percentage of gross domestic product, value of shares traded as a percentage of market capitalization). Stock market capitalization as percent of GDP, 2020 - Country . Both stocks are off their highs for the year, but are closing out 2021 way above where they started. 6. There is no data available for your selected dates. Asia
United States. All rights reserved, Unlimited access tailored to your data needs. United States Market Capitalization accounted for 40,719.661 USD bn in Dec 2020, compared with a percentage of 33,890.828 USD bn in the previous year. Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%), Forecast: Government Expenditure (RMB bn), Exports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th), Imports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th), Trade Index: Export: Value (Prev Year=100), Trade Index: Import: Value (Prev Year=100), Trade Index: Export: Unit Value (Prev Year=100), Trade Index: Import: Unit Value (Prev Year=100), Trade Index: Export: Quantum (Prev Year=100), Trade Index: Import: Quantum (Prev Year=100), Imports: Computed Tomography Apparatus (USD th), Imports: Other, Apparatus Based on the Use of X-rays for Medical (USD th), Exports: Other Needles, Catheters, Cannulae and the Like (USD th), Imports: Other Needles, Catheters, Cannulae and the Like (USD th), CN: Steel: Import: Steel Product: Rod & Bar (Ton th), CN: Steel: Import: Steel Product: Sheet & Plate (Ton th), Foreign Portfolio Investment: % of GDP (%), Foreign Portfolio Investment: Equity Securities (USD mn), Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities (USD 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Tibet Autonomous Region (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Liaoning (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Tianjin (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Jiangsu (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Fujian: Xiamen Special Economic Zone (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Hunan (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Hubei (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Zhejiang (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Jilin (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Anhui (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Jiangxi (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Heilongjiang (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Guangdong: Shantou Special Economic Zone (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Guangdong: Zhuhai Special Economic Zone (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Chongqing (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Hebei (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Qinghai (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Shanxi (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Guizhou (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Shandong (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Zhejiang (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Gansu (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Jiangxi (USD mn), Import: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Beijing (USD mn), Export: Foreign Funded Enterprise: Hunan (USD mn), China Export: Natural Barium Sulphate (USD mn), China Export: Fertilizer: Mineral or Chemical Fertilizer: Potassium Sulphate (USD mn), China Export: Steel Product: Tube or Pipe Fitting (USD mn), China Export: AD: Keyboard & Mouse (USD mn), China Export: Sound Recording or Reproducing Apparatus (USD mn), China Export: Fertilizer: Mineral or Chemical Fertilizer: Compound of Nitrogen, (USD mn), China Export: Electrical Capacitor (USD mn), China Export: Petroleum Gas & Other Gaseous Hydrocarbon: Liquefied Natural Gas (USD mn), China Export: Insulated Wire or Cable (USD mn), China Export: Part & Accessory of Motorcycle & Bicycle (USD mn), China Export: GC: Textile Stocking & Sock (USD mn), China Export: Footwear & Part thereof: Footwear: Outer Sole & Upper of Rubber or (USD mn), China Export: Make-up or Skin Care Preparation (USD mn), China Export: Chassis Fitted with Engine (USD mn), China Export: Vegetable: Fresh or Chilled Vegetable (USD mn), China Export: HT: Computer & Telecommunication (USD mn), China Export: Fresh or Dried Fruit & Nut: Apple (USD mn), China Export: Synthetic Organic Dyestuff (USD mn), China Export: Reception Apparatus for Radio-Broadcasting (incl CDK & SDK) (USD mn), China Export: Fertilizer: Mineral or Chemical Fertilizer (USD mn), China Export: Semi-Finished Steel Product (USD mn), China Export: Diode & Similar Semiconductor (USD mn), China Export: Auto Part & Accessory (USD mn), China Export: Video Recording or Reproducing Apparatus: Digital Video Disc Playe (USD mn), China Export: Machine-Tool: Lathe (USD mn), China Export: Ship: Refrigerated Vessel (USD mn), China Export: Motor Vehicle: Minibus (9 Seats or Less) (USD mn), China Export: Motor Vehicle: Truck (USD mn), China Export: Part for Use with Apparatus of Transmission or Reception for Radio (USD mn), China Export: Ship: Motor Bulk Carrier (USD mn), China Export: HT: Opto-Electronics (USD mn), China Export: Rattan Plaited Product (USD mn), China Export: HT: Computer Integrated Manufacturing (USD mn), China Export: Grain Food: Cassava (USD mn), China Export: CM: Crude Botanical Medicinal Material (USD mn), China Export: CL: Natural Magnesium Carbonate or Oxide (USD mn), China Export: Natural Gas: Liquefied Natural Gas (USD mn), China Export: MP: Antibiotic Other than Preparation (USD mn), China Export: TY: Flax or Ramie Woven Fabric (USD mn), China Export: Steel Product: Sheet & Plate (USD mn), China Export: Air Conditioning Machine (excl for Motor Vehicle) (USD mn), China Export: Motor Vehicle and Chassis (USD mn), China Export: Agriculture Product (USD mn), China Import: Fresh or Dried Fruit & Nut: Banana (incl Plantain) (USD mn), China Import: Edible Vegetable Oil: Ground-nut Oil & Fraction (USD mn), China Import: Natural Rubber (incl Latex) (USD mn), China Import: Wood Sawn Lengthwise, Sliced or Peeled (USD mn), China Import: Refined Petroleum Product: Other Fuel Oil (USD mn), China Import: Natural Gas: Natural Gas in Gaseous State (USD mn), China Import: Coal & Lignite: Coking Coal, Not Agglomerated (USD mn), China Import: MP: Antibiotic Other than Preparation (USD mn), CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Outright Repo, China Financial Futures Exchange: Index Futures: Closing and Settlement Price, China Financial Futures Exchange: Index Futures: Open Interest, China Financial Futures Exchange: Index Futures: Turnover, China Financial Futures Exchange: Treasury Bond Futures: Closing and Settlement Price: Daily, China Financial Futures Exchange: Treasury Bond Futures: Turnover: Daily, China Foreign Exchange Trading Center (CFETC): Foreign Exchange Trading, China Securities Depository and Clearing: No of Investor Account: Hold and Short Position, China Securities Depository and Clearing: No of Investor Account: Weekly, China Securities Depository and Clearing: Share Structure Reform: Shanghai Stock Exchange, China Securities Index : PE and PB Ratio: Daily, China Securities Index : Turnover: Value: Daily, China Securities Index : Turnover: Volume: Daily, China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC): Securities Investment Fund, China Securities Regulatory Commisssion (CSRC): Futures: Turnover, Dalian Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Open Position, Dalian Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Settlement Price, Dalian Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Turnover, Insurance Premium: Monthly Summary by Company: Property Insurance, Insurance Premium: Monthly Summary by Region: Accident Insurance, Insurance Premium: Monthly Summary by Region: Life Insurance, Iron Ore: China Beijing International Mining Exchange: Turnover, National Interbank Funding Centre (NIBFC): Interbank Bond Turnover, National Interbank Funding Centre (NIFC): Interbank Bond Turnover, National Interbank Funding Centre (NIFC): Interbank Bond Turnover: Daily, Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Open Position: Daily, Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Settlement Price: Daily, Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Turnover: Daily, Shanghai International Energy Exchange: Commodity Futures: Settlement Price: Daily, Shanghai Petroleum Exchange: Turnover: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Investors Trading and Structure, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Market Capitalization, Shanghai Stock Exchange: No of Investor Account, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Options: Open Interest: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: PE and PB Ratio: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Turnover: Volume, Shanghai-Hong Kong SAR (China) Stock Connect: Quota and Usage Rate: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: Capital Raised, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: Indices: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: Market Capitalization: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: PE and PB Ratio: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: Share Issued, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Margin Transaction: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Market Capitalization: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: No of Listed Companies and Securities, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: Capital Raised, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: No of Listed Companies and Securities, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: PE Ratio, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: Turnover: No of Deal, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: Turnover: Volume, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Turnover: No of Deal, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Turnover: Value: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Turnover: Volume: Daily, Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Open Position, Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Settlement Price, Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Turnover, CCDC: Bond Rebuy, Resell Balance: Outright Repo, China Financial Futures Exchange: Index Futures: Closing and Settlement Price: Daily, China Financial Futures Exchange: Index Futures: Open Interest: Daily, China Financial Futures Exchange: Index Futures: Turnover: Daily, China Financial Futures Exchange: Treasury Bond Futures: Open Interest: Daily, China Foreign Exchange Trading Center (CFETC): Foreign Currency Pair Trading, China Securities Depository and Clearing: No of Investor Account, China Securities Depository and Clearing: No of Investor Account: Integrated Account: Holding Market Capitalization, China Securities Depository and Clearing: Share Structure Reform, China Securities Depository and Clearing: Share Structure Reform: Shenzhen Stock Exchange, China Securities Index : Turnover: Volume, China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC): Capital Raised, China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC): Share Issued, Dalian Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Open Position: Daily, Dalian Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Settlement Price: Daily, Dalian Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Turnover: Daily, Insurance Industry Operating Income and Expense, Insurance Premium: Monthly Summary by Company: Life Insurance, Insurance Premium: Monthly Summary by Region, Insurance Premium: Monthly Summary by Region: Health Insurance, Insurance Premium: Monthly Summary by Region: Property Insurance, National Interbank Funding Center (NIFC): Bond Statistics, National Interbank Funding Centre (NIBFC): Interbank Bond Turnover: Daily, National Interbank Funding Centre (NIFC): Interbank Bond Turnover: By Province, National Interbank Funding Centre (NIFC): Turnover of Interbank Bond Lending: Daily, Number of Securities Company and Business Department, Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Open Position, Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Settlement Price, Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Turnover, Shanghai International Energy Exchange: Commodity Futures: Open Position: Daily, Shanghai International Energy Exchange: Commodity Futures: Turnover: Daily, Shanghai Petroleum Exchange: Order: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Margin Transaction: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Market Capitalization: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: No of Listed Companies and Securities, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Options: Turnover: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Turnover: No of Deal, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Turnover: Value: Daily, Shanghai Stock Exchange: Turnover: Volume: Daily, Shanghai-Hong Kong SAR (China) Stock Connect: Turnover: Value: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: Indices, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: Market Capitalization, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: No of Listed Companies and Securities, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: PE Ratio, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: ChiNext: Turnover: No of Deal, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Market Capitalization, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: No of Investor Account, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: PE and PB Ratio: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: Market Capitalization, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: PE and PB Ratio: Daily, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: Share Issued, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Board: Turnover: Value, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Small and Medium Enterprise Indices, Shenzhen Stock Exchange: Turnover: Volume, State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE): Foreign Exchange Trading, Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Open Position: Daily, Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Settlement Price: Daily, Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange: Commodity Futures: Turnover: Daily, China Market Capitalization accounted for 12,479.136 USD bn in Jan 2023, compared with a percentage of 11,425.012 USD bn in the previous month, China Market Capitalization is updated monthly, available from Jul 1995 to Jan 2023, The data reached an all-time high of 14,375.423 USD bn in Dec 2021 and a record low of 40.601 USD bn in Jan 1996. 3-year forward return means the return on investment generated during the following three years starting from the day the investment is done. The new Covid-19 variants have extended the duration of the pandemic and delayed a return to normal. There is no euphoria in this market, says Neil Hennessy, chief market strategist and portfolio manager of Hennessy Funds. Business and economic data for 200 countries, * indicates monthly or quarterly data series. The MOEX Russia Index (known as MICEX Index until December of 2017) is a major stock market index which tracks the performance of the 50 largest and most liquid Russian companies from 10 main economy sectors, listed on The Moscow Stock Exchange. The Forbes Advisor editorial team is independent and objective. The foreign exchange market is a global decentralized or over-the-counter market for the trading of currencies. For instance, the popular currency carry trade strategy highlights how market participants influence exchange rates that, in turn, have spillover effects on the global economy. Download limits apply. Oceania
However, this also means that exchanges in emerging markets may not have enough financial activity to sustain them, putting pressure on them to rethink their operations. A Managing Director of Jefferies Financial Group, which before the bankruptcy held a 49.9% equity stake in the operating company, was appointed chairman of the FXCM Group board. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/710680/global-stock-markets-by-country/, Distribution of countries with largest stock markets worldwide as of January 2022, by share of total world equity market value, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Domestic equity market capitalization worldwide 2013-2022, Domestic equity market capitalization worldwide 2013-2022, by region, Countries with largest stock markets globally 2022, Largest global exchanges for single stock options trading as of 2021, by contracts, Leading stock exchanges in the Americas 2022, by domestic market capitalization, Leading stock exchanges in EMEA region 2022, by market capitalization, Leading stock exchanges APAC 2022 by domestic market capitalization, Leading stock exchanges worldwide raised IPO equity funds raised 2021, Leading 12 stock exchanges worldwide 2021, by number of IPOs, Leading 12 stock exchanges worldwide 2020-2021, by IPO proceeds, Leading destinations for cross-border IPOs 2021, Leading countries of origin for cross-border IPOs 2021, Annual Dow Jones Industrial Average index performance 1986-2022, Annual S&P 500 index performance 1986-2022, Annual development of the Euro Stoxx index 1995-2022, Flat tax influence on French people's wish to invest in the stock market 2019, Market volume of shares traded in BSE across India FY 2012-FY 2017, Share of income of BSE from securities services in India 2012-2017, French people who would be willing to invest or invest more in the stock market 2019, Market capitalization of BSE in India FY 2012-FY 2017, Total assets of listed domestic companies in Jiangsu, China 2014-2021, Market value of listed domestic companies in Jiangsu, China 2014-2021, Sectors in which French people would invest more in the stock market 2019, Main types of shares purchased by French people in the stock market 2019, Number of listed domestic companies in Jiangsu, China 2014-2021, Main reasons not to invest in the stock market in France 2019, Growth of PSE stock market regular accounts Philippines 2014-2018, Net income attributed by the companies of the Ibex 35 Spain 2021, PER on the Spanish Stock Exchange by sector 2021, Companies with highest growth on Warsaw Stock Exchange in Poland 2010-2019, Number of shariah-compliant PLC listed in Bursa Malaysia 2016-2021, Share of active accounts in PSE Philippines 2021, by type, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. In this way, the determination of the FX rate is to a large extent left to the market forces. $125.66 B. As pointed out by Warren Buffett, the percentage of total market cap (TMC) relative to the U.S. GNP is "probably the best single measure of where . One of the biggest differences between the FX markets and other financial markets is the overall activity from corporations to facilitate day-to-day business practices as well as to hedge longer-term risk. It is highly recommended for every investors to pay close attention to the cap-to-GNI ratios. We have compiled a list of the 10 largest stock exchanges in the world based on the market capitalization data provided by the World Federation of Exchanges as of 2022. Though it began at the start of the 19th Century, its origin dates back to 1570, when the Royal Exchange was inaugurated, which was the stock market of that time that acted as Londons commercial center. Gross National Product (GNP) and GNI are quite similar concept and there are only small differences in the way they are calculated. February 23, 2022. Participants trading on the foreign exchange include corporations, governments, central banks, investment banks, commercial banks, hedge funds, retail brokers, investors, and vacationers. You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. Negative correlation means that a lower-than-average ratio is correlated with higher-than-average returns. Performance information may have changed since the time of publication. Instant access to full history data in excel. Examine a sample dataset from here. The correlations suggest strong negative relationship between the ratio and stock market returns for almost all of the countries: when the cap-to-GNI is higher than historical averages, the stock returns are going to be lower. Household spending is the highest in the world, accounting for nearly a third of global household consumption. The country's total market cap stands at $3.21 trillion, which is higher than that of the UK ($3.19 trillion), Saudi Arabia ($3.18 trillion), and Canada ($3.18 trillion). GNI also includes interest & dividend payments and profits from assets received outside of the boarders of a country. The current TMC-to-GDI of a countrys stock market needs to be compared to the historical average value of the nation. While speculative fervor may have cooled and dynamics within the market shifted, investors had reason to remain optimistic because of the very robust economic recovery. Tesla will be a $1 trillion company by the end of 2021, says Wedbush analyst Dan Ives. The total market cap (TMC) to GNI ratio, commonly known as the Buffett Indicator, was popularized by Warren Buffett when he described it as the single best measure for the overall stock market valuation level at a given time. China Market Capitalization accounted for 12,479.136 USD bn in Jan 2023, compared with a percentage of 11,425.012 USD bn in the previous month. Indian stock markets: The country's stock market after record gains is now the sixth leading stock market globally based on m-capitalisation at $3.44 trilllion, higher than that of France and . Malaysia Market Capitalization is updated monthly, available from Aug 2009 to Jan 2023. One commonly known fact is that a significant amount of forex traders fail. The Bretton Woods Agreement and System created a collective international currency exchange regime based on the U.S. dollar and gold.
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